This is a summary of Talk2Me in the ISLAND Cohort Study (n=1823). This is a collaboration led by Dr Eddy Hill (University of Tasmania) and Prof Frank Rudzicz (University of Toronto) to explore the associations between features extracted from Talk2Me, with covariates including age, gender, education, background health and cognition (CANTAB).

Data was requested from ISLAND’s data administrators, Tim Saunder and Alex Kitsos. 1823 participants completed the updated Background survey, with 1447 completing the updated survey multiple times. Data were collected between 2019 and 2020, with any participants included that completed the Background Health and Background Update survey for any timepoint since October 2019.

We predominantly selected Background & Health Update data for ISLAND’s October 2020 timepoint, as all 1823 Talk2Me participants had completed this task, and this contains the most recent information. After merging ISLAND Background & Health Update with CANTAB IDs, we can see that 1432 ISLAND participants who completed Talk2Me have a CANTAB ID (391 were NAs). For the purposes of this study, we have selected some variables from Background Health (October 2019) and Background Health Update (October 2020). Details of which variables were selected are found in the data dictionary tab.

Demographics

Table 1

Table 1: Demographic statistics of those included in the current project (n = 1823), data collected in Background & Health Survey for ISLAND participants either in October 2019 or October 2020

Female
(N=1319)
Male
(N=500)
Other
(N=3)
Prefer not to say
(N=1)
Overall
(N=1823)
Age in years
Mean (SD) 64.5 (7.27) 67.0 (7.97) 56.3 (5.77) 59.0 (NA) 65.2 (7.55)
Median [Min, Max] 64.0 [51.0, 90.0] 67.0 [51.0, 90.0] 53.0 [53.0, 63.0] 59.0 [59.0, 59.0] 65.0 [51.0, 90.0]
What is the highest level of education you have obtained?
Bachelor's Degree 313 (23.7%) 120 (24.0%) 0 (0%) 1.00 (100%) 434 (23.8%)
Certificate or Apprenticeship (including Cert 2, 3 or 4) 112 (8.5%) 68.0 (13.6%) 1.00 (33.3%) 0 (0%) 181 (9.9%)
Diploma / Associate Degree 241 (18.3%) 76.0 (15.2%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 317 (17.4%)
High School 129 (9.8%) 51.0 (10.2%) 1.00 (33.3%) 0 (0%) 181 (9.9%)
Higher University degree (Honours, Graduate Diploma, Masters or PhD) 480 (36.4%) 175 (35.0%) 1.00 (33.3%) 0 (0%) 656 (36.0%)
Other 37.0 (2.8%) 7.00 (1.4%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 44.0 (2.4%)
Primary School 0 (0%) 1.00 (0.2%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1.00 (0.1%)
Missing 7.00 (0.5%) 2.00 (0.4%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 9.00 (0.5%)
Years of education at the school level eg. up to year 12
Mean (SD) 11.6 (1.33) 11.6 (1.26) 10.3 (2.52) 10.0 (NA) 11.6 (1.31)
Median [Min, Max] 12.0 [3.00, 20.0] 12.0 [4.00, 20.0] 10.0 [8.00, 13.0] 10.0 [10.0, 10.0] 12.0 [3.00, 20.0]
Missing 34.0 (2.6%) 11.0 (2.2%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 45.0 (2.5%)
How many years of university education?
Mean (SD) 5.35 (2.75) 5.53 (2.71) 14.0 (NA) 4.00 (NA) 5.41 (2.75)
Median [Min, Max] 5.00 [0, 20.0] 5.00 [1.00, 20.0] 14.0 [14.0, 14.0] 4.00 [4.00, 4.00] 5.00 [0, 20.0]
Missing 468 (35.5%) 185 (37.0%) 2.00 (66.7%) 0 (0%) 655 (35.9%)
What is your current marital status?
Defacto 151 (11.4%) 54.0 (10.8%) 3.00 (100%) 0 (0%) 208 (11.4%)
Married 744 (56.4%) 363 (72.6%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1107 (60.7%)
Other 5.00 (0.4%) 1.00 (0.2%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 6.00 (0.3%)
Prefer not to say 4.00 (0.3%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1.00 (100%) 5.00 (0.3%)
Separated or divorced 177 (13.4%) 30.0 (6.0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 207 (11.4%)
Single 130 (9.9%) 35.0 (7.0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 165 (9.1%)
Widowed 105 (8.0%) 16.0 (3.2%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 121 (6.6%)
Missing 3.00 (0.2%) 1.00 (0.2%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 4.00 (0.2%)

Table 2

Table 2: Demographic statistics collected as part of CANTAB completion (n = 1823), collected in July/August 2021

Female
(N=1319)
Male
(N=500)
Other
(N=3)
Prefer not to say
(N=1)
Overall
(N=1823)
Age in years (CANTAB)
Mean (SD) 65.0 (7.24) 67.2 (7.70) 53.0 (0) NA (NA) 65.5 (7.44)
Median [Min, Max] 65.0 [51.0, 90.0] 67.0 [51.0, 89.0] 53.0 [53.0, 53.0] NA [NA, NA] 65.0 [51.0, 90.0]
Missing 323 (24.5%) 123 (24.6%) 1.00 (33.3%) 1.00 (100%) 448 (24.6%)
Education level (CANTAB)
Left formal education before age 16 34.0 (2.6%) 18.0 (3.6%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 52.0 (2.9%)
Left formal education at age 16 71.0 (5.4%) 23.0 (4.6%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 94.0 (5.2%)
Left formal education at age 17-18 126 (9.6%) 62.0 (12.4%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 188 (10.3%)
Undergraduate degree or equivalent 522 (39.6%) 169 (33.8%) 1.00 (33.3%) 0 (0%) 692 (38.0%)
Master's degree or equivalent 184 (14.0%) 77.0 (15.4%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 261 (14.3%)
PhD or equivalent 59.0 (4.5%) 28.0 (5.6%) 1.00 (33.3%) 0 (0%) 88.0 (4.8%)
Missing 323 (24.5%) 123 (24.6%) 1.00 (33.3%) 1.00 (100%) 448 (24.6%)
CANTAB PAL Total Errors (Adjusted)
Mean (SD) 15.0 (12.7) 18.9 (15.0) 7.50 (2.12) NA (NA) 16.0 (13.5)
Median [Min, Max] 11.0 [0, 67.0] 14.0 [0, 60.0] 7.50 [6.00, 9.00] NA [NA, NA] 12.0 [0, 67.0]
Missing 357 (27.1%) 143 (28.6%) 1.00 (33.3%) 1.00 (100%) 502 (27.5%)
CANTAB PAL Mean Errors to Success
Mean (SD) 1.79 (1.33) 1.81 (1.45) 2.00 (0) NA (NA) 1.80 (1.36)
Median [Min, Max] 2.00 [0, 7.00] 2.00 [0, 8.00] 2.00 [2.00, 2.00] NA [NA, NA] 2.00 [0, 8.00]
Missing 358 (27.1%) 143 (28.6%) 1.00 (33.3%) 1.00 (100%) 503 (27.6%)
CANTAB PAL Number of Patterns Reached
Mean (SD) 10.3 (2.36) 9.73 (2.59) 12.0 (0) NA (NA) 10.2 (2.44)
Median [Min, Max] 12.0 [2.00, 12.0] 12.0 [4.00, 12.0] 12.0 [12.0, 12.0] NA [NA, NA] 12.0 [2.00, 12.0]
Missing 357 (27.1%) 143 (28.6%) 1.00 (33.3%) 1.00 (100%) 502 (27.5%)
CANTAB SWM Problem Reached
Mean (SD) 6.00 (0) 6.00 (0) 6.00 (0) NA (NA) 6.00 (0)
Median [Min, Max] 6.00 [6.00, 6.00] 6.00 [6.00, 6.00] 6.00 [6.00, 6.00] NA [NA, NA] 6.00 [6.00, 6.00]
Missing 359 (27.2%) 142 (28.4%) 1.00 (33.3%) 1.00 (100%) 503 (27.6%)
CANTAB SWM Between Errors
Mean (SD) 12.4 (9.36) 11.5 (9.41) 10.0 (14.1) NA (NA) 12.2 (9.38)
Median [Min, Max] 12.0 [0, 54.0] 11.0 [0, 37.0] 10.0 [0, 20.0] NA [NA, NA] 12.0 [0, 54.0]
Missing 359 (27.2%) 142 (28.4%) 1.00 (33.3%) 1.00 (100%) 503 (27.6%)

Background & Health

Table 1 Table 1: Demographic statistics of those included in the current project (n = 1823), data collected in Background & Health Survey for ISLAND participants either in October 2019 or October 2020

Female
(N=1319)
Male
(N=500)
Other
(N=3)
Prefer not to say
(N=1)
Overall
(N=1823)
Have you retired?
N/A 6.00 (0.5%) 1.00 (0.2%) 1.00 (33.3%) 0 (0%) 8.00 (0.4%)
No 603 (45.7%) 176 (35.2%) 1.00 (33.3%) 1.00 (100%) 781 (42.8%)
Yes 710 (53.8%) 323 (64.6%) 1.00 (33.3%) 0 (0%) 1034 (56.7%)
Are you currently employed?
N/A 12.0 (0.9%) 4.00 (0.8%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 16.0 (0.9%)
No 742 (56.3%) 323 (64.6%) 1.00 (33.3%) 0 (0%) 1066 (58.5%)
Yes 565 (42.8%) 173 (34.6%) 2.00 (66.7%) 1.00 (100%) 741 (40.6%)
Do you work as a volunteer?
N/A 13.0 (1.0%) 2.00 (0.4%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 15.0 (0.8%)
No 750 (56.9%) 267 (53.4%) 0 (0%) 1.00 (100%) 1018 (55.8%)
Yes 556 (42.2%) 231 (46.2%) 3.00 (100%) 0 (0%) 790 (43.3%)
Language - English only
No 59.0 (4.5%) 28.0 (5.6%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 87.0 (4.8%)
Yes 1260 (95.5%) 472 (94.4%) 3.00 (100%) 1.00 (100%) 1736 (95.2%)

Table 2 Table 2: Health statistics of those included in the current project (n = 1823), data collected in Background & Health Survey for ISLAND participants either in October 2019 or October 2020

Female
(N=1319)
Male
(N=500)
Other
(N=3)
Prefer not to say
(N=1)
Overall
(N=1823)
Have you been told by a doctor that you have dementia?
N/A 8.00 (0.6%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 8.00 (0.4%)
No 1310 (99.3%) 499 (99.8%) 3.00 (100%) 1.00 (100%) 1813 (99.5%)
Yes 1.00 (0.1%) 1.00 (0.2%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2.00 (0.1%)
Is there a history of conditions such as dementia in your direct family for example siblings, parents, grandparents, aunties and uncles ?
N/A 8.00 (0.6%) 3.00 (0.6%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 11.0 (0.6%)
No 691 (52.4%) 287 (57.4%) 1.00 (33.3%) 1.00 (100%) 980 (53.8%)
Yes 620 (47.0%) 210 (42.0%) 2.00 (66.7%) 0 (0%) 832 (45.6%)
Have you noticed a substantial change in your memory and mental function in recent years?
N/A 9.00 (0.7%) 4.00 (0.8%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 13.0 (0.7%)
No 1116 (84.6%) 408 (81.6%) 2.00 (66.7%) 1.00 (100%) 1527 (83.8%)
Yes 194 (14.7%) 88.0 (17.6%) 1.00 (33.3%) 0 (0%) 283 (15.5%)
Have you been told by your doctor that you have a memory impairment but they were uncertain if you have dementia?
N/A 9.00 (0.7%) 5.00 (1.0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 14.0 (0.8%)
No 1304 (98.9%) 489 (97.8%) 3.00 (100%) 1.00 (100%) 1797 (98.6%)
Yes 6.00 (0.5%) 6.00 (1.2%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 12.0 (0.7%)
Have you been diagnosed with a vitamin B12 deficiency?
N/A 8.00 (0.6%) 4.00 (0.8%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 12.0 (0.7%)
No 1256 (95.2%) 475 (95.0%) 3.00 (100%) 1.00 (100%) 1735 (95.2%)
Yes 55.0 (4.2%) 21.0 (4.2%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 76.0 (4.2%)
Have you been diagnosed with a central nervous system degenerative disease eg. Parkinson's, Huntington's, Multiple Sclerosis?
N/A 16.0 (1.2%) 4.00 (0.8%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 20.0 (1.1%)
No 1287 (97.6%) 489 (97.8%) 3.00 (100%) 1.00 (100%) 1780 (97.6%)
Yes 16.0 (1.2%) 7.00 (1.4%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 23.0 (1.3%)
Have you been diagnosed with cancer?
N/A 7.00 (0.5%) 9.00 (1.8%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 16.0 (0.9%)
No 1144 (86.7%) 404 (80.8%) 3.00 (100%) 1.00 (100%) 1552 (85.1%)
Yes 168 (12.7%) 87.0 (17.4%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 255 (14.0%)
Have you been diagnosed with delirium?
N/A 13.0 (1.0%) 4.00 (0.8%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 17.0 (0.9%)
No 1305 (98.9%) 494 (98.8%) 3.00 (100%) 1.00 (100%) 1803 (98.9%)
Yes 1.00 (0.1%) 2.00 (0.4%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 3.00 (0.2%)
Have you been diagnosed with epilepsy?
N/A 9.00 (0.7%) 5.00 (1.0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 14.0 (0.8%)
No 1302 (98.7%) 489 (97.8%) 3.00 (100%) 1.00 (100%) 1795 (98.5%)
Yes 8.00 (0.6%) 6.00 (1.2%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 14.0 (0.8%)
Have you ever had a serious head injury?
N/A 10.0 (0.8%) 8.00 (1.6%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 18.0 (1.0%)
No 1246 (94.5%) 465 (93.0%) 3.00 (100%) 1.00 (100%) 1715 (94.1%)
Yes 63.0 (4.8%) 27.0 (5.4%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 90.0 (4.9%)
Do you have a hearing impairment?
N/A 16.0 (1.2%) 5.00 (1.0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 21.0 (1.2%)
No 1129 (85.6%) 365 (73.0%) 2.00 (66.7%) 1.00 (100%) 1497 (82.1%)
Yes 174 (13.2%) 130 (26.0%) 1.00 (33.3%) 0 (0%) 305 (16.7%)
Have you been diagnosed with heart disease?
N/A 6.00 (0.5%) 3.00 (0.6%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 9.00 (0.5%)
No 1239 (93.9%) 428 (85.6%) 2.00 (66.7%) 1.00 (100%) 1670 (91.6%)
Yes 74.0 (5.6%) 69.0 (13.8%) 1.00 (33.3%) 0 (0%) 144 (7.9%)
Have you been diagnosed with kidney disease?
N/A 17.0 (1.3%) 5.00 (1.0%) 0 (0%) 1.00 (100%) 23.0 (1.3%)
No 1281 (97.1%) 481 (96.2%) 2.00 (66.7%) 0 (0%) 1764 (96.8%)
Yes 21.0 (1.6%) 14.0 (2.8%) 1.00 (33.3%) 0 (0%) 36.0 (2.0%)
Have you been diagnosed with liver disease?
N/A 14.0 (1.1%) 4.00 (0.8%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 18.0 (1.0%)
No 1287 (97.6%) 488 (97.6%) 3.00 (100%) 1.00 (100%) 1779 (97.6%)
Yes 18.0 (1.4%) 8.00 (1.6%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 26.0 (1.4%)
Have you been diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder eg. depression, psychosis, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder?
N/A 6.00 (0.5%) 3.00 (0.6%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 9.00 (0.5%)
No 1074 (81.4%) 436 (87.2%) 2.00 (66.7%) 1.00 (100%) 1513 (83.0%)
Yes 239 (18.1%) 61.0 (12.2%) 1.00 (33.3%) 0 (0%) 301 (16.5%)
Have you had a stroke or experienced transient ischaemic attacks?
N/A 16.0 (1.2%) 8.00 (1.6%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 24.0 (1.3%)
No 1269 (96.2%) 463 (92.6%) 3.00 (100%) 1.00 (100%) 1736 (95.2%)
Yes 34.0 (2.6%) 29.0 (5.8%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 63.0 (3.5%)
Are you legally blind?
N/A 11.0 (0.8%) 10.0 (2.0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 21.0 (1.2%)
No 1307 (99.1%) 490 (98.0%) 3.00 (100%) 1.00 (100%) 1801 (98.8%)
Yes 1.00 (0.1%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1.00 (0.1%)
Do you wear corrective glasses?
N/A 12.0 (0.9%) 1.00 (0.2%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 13.0 (0.7%)
No 173 (13.1%) 62.0 (12.4%) 2.00 (66.7%) 0 (0%) 237 (13.0%)
Yes 1134 (86.0%) 437 (87.4%) 1.00 (33.3%) 1.00 (100%) 1573 (86.3%)
Are you colour blind?
No 1291 (97.9%) 462 (92.4%) 3.00 (100%) 1.00 (100%) 1757 (96.4%)
Yes 2.00 (0.2%) 34.0 (6.8%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 36.0 (2.0%)
Missing 26.0 (2.0%) 4.00 (0.8%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 30.0 (1.6%)
Are you currently taking any prescription medications or hormonal supplements?
No 468 (35.5%) 201 (40.2%) 1.00 (33.3%) 1.00 (100%) 671 (36.8%)
Yes 828 (62.8%) 294 (58.8%) 2.00 (66.7%) 0 (0%) 1124 (61.7%)
Missing 23.0 (1.7%) 5.00 (1.0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 28.0 (1.5%)

Scatterplots

Figure 1 Age vs PAL Total Errors Adjusted (Z score)

Figure 2 Age vs PAL Total Errors Adjusted (Z score) stratified by gender

Figure 3 Age vs SWM Strategy (Z score)

Figure 4 Age vs SWM Strategy (Z score) stratified by gender

Histograms

Figure 1 Age vs gender

Figure 2 PAL Total Errors Adjusted (Z score) vs gender

Figure 3 SWM Strategy (Z score) vs gender

Data dictionary

Background & Health

Variant Measure Name Measure Description
Background school_years Years of education at the School level e g up to year 12
Background university_qualification Have you completed University studies
Background university_years How many years of university education
Background medications Are you currently taking any prescription medications or hormonal supplements
Background visual_colour_blind Are you colour blind
Background Update marital_status What is your current marital status
Background Update retired Have you retired
Background Update employed Are you currently employed
Background Update volunteer Do you work as a volunteer
Background Update highest_education_level What is the highest level of education you have obtained
Background Update language_english_only Do you speak a language other than English at home No English only
Background Update dementia_diagnosis Have you been told by a doctor that you have dementia
Background Update memory_impairment_diagnosis Have you been told by your doctor that you have a memory impairment but they were uncertain if you have dementia
Background Update memory_change Have you noticed a substantial change in your memory and mental function in recent years
Background Update dementia_family_history Has someone in your direct family siblings parents grandparents aunties and uncles been diagnosed with dementia
Background Update heart_disease_diagnosis Have you been diagnosed with heart disease
Background Update cancer_diagnosis Have you been diagnosed with cancer
Background Update pysch_diagnosis Have you been diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder eg depression psychosis bipolar disorder anxiety disorder
Background Update visual_legally_blind Are you legally blind
Background Update visual_corrective_glasses Do you wear corrective glasses
Background Update head_injury Have you had a serious head injury
Background Update epilepsy_diagnosis Have you been diagnosed with epilepsy
Background Update kidney_disease_diagnosis Have you been diagnosed with kidney disease
Background Update liver_disease_diagnosis Have you been diagnosed with liver disease
Background Update stroke_tia_attack Have you had a stroke or experienced transient ischaemic attacks
Background Update cns_diagnosis Have you been diagnosed with a central nervous system degenerative disease eg Parkinson s Huntington s Multiple Sclerosis
Background Update b12_deficiency_diagnosis Have you been diagnosed with a vitamin B12 deficiency
Background Update delerium_diagnosis Have you been diagnosed with delirium
Background Update hearing_impairment Do you have a hearing impairment
Background Update hearing_impairment_correction Is it satisfactorily corrected for by a hearing aid

Talk2Me

A summary of variables included in the CANTAB output. Norms calculated from CANTAB’s own battery, dependent on age and education.

Please note to merge ISLAND_CANTAB with Tal2Me, the following ID codes shall be used island_cantab(user_id) = auth_user(mm2_user_id)

Further, auth_user(id) from 1018 to 1040 should be omitted as these are tests conducted by ISLAND staff members

CANTAB

Variant Measure Name Measure Description
PAL Recommended Standard Extended PALFAMS28 KEY: PAL First Attempt Memory Score: The number of times a subject chose the correct box on their first attempt when recalling the pattern locations. Calculated across assessed trials, omitting 12 box level to provide a direct comparison to Recommended Standard..
PAL Recommended Standard Extended PALMETS28 PAL Mean Errors to Success: The mean number of attempts made by a subject needed for them to successfully complete the stage. Does not include 12 box level to provide a direct comparison to Recommended Standard.
PAL Recommended Standard Extended PALNPR28 PAL Number of Patterns Reached: The number of patterns presented to the subject on the last problem they reached.
PAL Recommended Standard Extended PALTA12 PAL Total Attempts 12 Patterns: The total number of attempts made (but not necessarily completed) by the subject during assessment problems containing a total of 12 shapes to recall.
PAL Recommended Standard Extended PALTA2 PAL Total Attempts 2 Patterns: The total number of attempts made (but not necessarily completed) by the subject during assessment problems containing a total of 2 shapes to recall.
PAL Recommended Standard Extended PALTA28 PAL Total Attempts: The total number of attempts made (but not necessarily completed) by the subject during assessment problems. Does not include 12 box level to provide a direct comparison to Recommended Standard.
PAL Recommended Standard Extended PALTA4 PAL Total Attempts 4 patterns: The total number of attempts made (but not necessarily completed) by the subject during assessment problems containing a total of 4 shapes to recall.
PAL Recommended Standard Extended PALTA6 PAL Total Attempts 6 Patterns: The total number of attempts made (but not necessarily completed) by the subject during assessment problems containing a total of 6 shapes to recall.
PAL Recommended Standard Extended PALTA8 PAL Total Attempts 8 Patterns: The total number of attempts made (but not necessarily completed) by the subject during assessment problems containing a total of 8 shapes to recall.
PAL Recommended Standard Extended PALTE12 PAL Total Errors 12 Patterns: The total number of times a subject selected an incorrect box when attempting to recall a pattern location on trials containing a total of 12 patterns. Calculated across all 12-pattern assessed trials.
PAL Recommended Standard Extended PALTE2 PAL Total Errors 2 Patterns: The total number of times a subject selected an incorrect box when attempting to recall a pattern location on trials containing a total of 2 patterns. Calculated across all 2-pattern assessed trials.
PAL Recommended Standard Extended PALTE28 PAL Total Errors: The total number of times a subject selected an incorrect box when attempting to recall a pattern location. Calculated across all assessed trials. Does not include 12 box level to provide a direct comparison to Recommended Standard.
PAL Recommended Standard Extended PALTE4 PAL Total Errors 4 Patterns: The total number of times a subject selected an incorrect box when attempting to recall a pattern location on trials containing a total of 4 patterns. Calculated across all 4-pattern assessed trials.
PAL Recommended Standard Extended PALTE6 PAL Total Errors 6 Patterns: The total number of times a subject selected an incorrect box when attempting to recall a pattern location on trials containing a total of 6 patterns. Calculated across all 6-pattern assessed trials.
PAL Recommended Standard Extended PALTE8 PAL Total Errors 8 Patterns: The total number of times a subject selected an incorrect box when attempting to recall a pattern location on trials containing a total of 8 patterns. Calculated across all 8-pattern assessed trials.
PAL Recommended Standard Extended PALTEA12 PAL Total Errors 12 Shapes (Adjusted): The number of times the subject chose the incorrect box for a stimulus on assessment problems, where the number of shapes was equal to 12 (PALTE12), plus an adjustment for the estimated number of errors they would have made on any other 12 pattern problems, attempts and recalls they did not reach.
PAL Recommended Standard Extended PALTEA2 PAL Total Errors 2 Shapes (Adjusted): The number of times the subject chose the incorrect box for a stimulus on assessment problems, where the number of shapes required to remember was equal to 2 (PALTE2), plus an adjustment for the estimated number of errors they would have made on any other 2 pattern problems, attempts and recalls they did not reach.
PAL Recommended Standard Extended PALTEA28 KEY: PAL Total Errors (Adjusted): The number of times the subject chose the incorrect box for a stimulus on assessment problems (PALTE), plus an adjustment for the estimated number of errors they would have made on any problems, attempts and recalls they did not reach. This measure allows you to compare performance on errors made across all subjects regardless of those who terminated early versus those completing the final stage of the task. In this task variant PALTEA does not include 12 box level to provide a direct comparison to Recommended Standard.
PAL Recommended Standard Extended PALTEA4 PAL Total Errors 4 Shapes (Adjusted): The number of times the subject chose the incorrect box for a stimulus on assessment problems, where the number of shapes was equal to 4 (PALTE4), plus an adjustment for the estimated number of errors they would have made on any other 4 pattern problems, attempts and recalls they did not reach.
PAL Recommended Standard Extended PALTEA6 PAL Total Errors 6 Shapes (Adjusted): The number of times the subject chose the incorrect box for a stimulus on assessment problems, where the number of shapes was equal to 6 (PALTE6), plus an adjustment for the estimated number of errors they would have made on any other 6 pattern problems, attempts and recalls they did not reach.
PAL Recommended Standard Extended PALTEA8 PAL Total Errors 8 Shapes (Adjusted): The number of times the subject chose the incorrect box for a stimulus on assessment problems, where the number of shapes was equal to 8 (PALTE8), plus an adjustment for the estimated number of errors they would have made on any other 8 pattern problems, attempts and recalls they did not reach.
SWM Recommended Standard 2.0 Extended SWMBE12 KEY: SWM Between errors 12 boxes: The number of times the subject revisits a box in which a token has previously been found. Calculated across all trials with 12 tokens only.
SWM Recommended Standard 2.0 Extended SWMBE4 KEY: SWM Between errors 4 boxes: The number of times a subject revisits a box in which a token has previously been found. Calculated across all trials with 4 tokens only.
SWM Recommended Standard 2.0 Extended SWMBE468 KEY: SWM Between Errors: The number of times the subject incorrectly revisits a box in which a token has previously been found. Calculated across all assessed four, six and eight token trials.
SWM Recommended Standard 2.0 Extended SWMBE6 KEY: SWM Between errors 6 boxes: The number of times the subject revisits a box in which a token has previously been found. Calculated across all trials with 6 tokens only.
SWM Recommended Standard 2.0 Extended SWMBE8 KEY: SWM Between errors 8 boxes: The number of times the subject revisits a box in which a token has previously been found. Calculated across all trials with 8 tokens only.
SWM Recommended Standard 2.0 Extended SWMDE12 SWM Double errors 12 boxes: The number of times a subject commits an error that is both a within error and a between error. Calculated across all trials with 12 tokens only.
SWM Recommended Standard 2.0 Extended SWMDE4 SWM Double errors 4 boxes: The number of times a subject commits an error that is both a within error and a between error. Calculated across all trials with 4 tokens only.
SWM Recommended Standard 2.0 Extended SWMDE468 SWM Double Errors: The number of times a subject commits an error that is both a within error and a between error. Calculated across all assessed four, six and eight token trials.
SWM Recommended Standard 2.0 Extended SWMDE6 SWM Double errors 6 boxes: The number of times a subject commits an error that is both a within error and a between error. Calculated across all trials with 6 tokens only.
SWM Recommended Standard 2.0 Extended SWMDE8 SWM Double errors 8 boxes: The number of times a subject commits an error that is both a within error and a between error. Calculated across all trials with 8 tokens only.
SWM Recommended Standard 2.0 Extended SWMPR SWM Problem Reached: This measure reports the problem number that the subject reached, but did not necessarily complete.
SWM Recommended Standard 2.0 Extended SWMS KEY: SWM Strategy (6-8 boxes): The number of times a subject begins a new search pattern from the same box they started with previously. If they always begin a search from the same starting point we infer that the subject is employing a planned strategy for finding the tokens. Therefore a low score indicates high strategy use (1 = they always begin the search from the same box), a high score indicates that they are beginning their searches from many different boxes. Calculated across assessed trials with 6 tokens or 8 tokens.
SWM Recommended Standard 2.0 Extended SWMS6 SWM Strategy (6 box only): This measure computes the strategy score for the 6 box stage of the task only. The strategy score is calculated based on the number of times a subject begins a new search pattern from the same box they started with previously. If they always begin a search from the same starting point we infer that the subject is employing a planned strategy for finding the tokens. Therefore a low score indicates high strategy use (1 = they always begin the search from the same box), a high score indicates that they are beginning their searches from many different boxes.
SWM Recommended Standard 2.0 Extended SWMSX SWM Strategy (6-12 boxes): The number of times a subject begins a new search pattern from the same box they started with previously. If they always begin a search from the same starting point we infer that the subject is employing a planned strategy for finding the tokens. Therefore a low score indicates high strategy use (1 = they always begin the search from the same box), a high score indicates that they are beginning their searches from many different boxes. Calculated across assessed trials with 6 tokens or more.
SWM Recommended Standard 2.0 Extended SWMTE12 SWM Total errors 12 boxes: The number of times a box is selected that is certain not to contain a token and therefore should not have been visited by the subject, i.e. between errors + within errors - double errors. Calculated across all trials with 12 tokens only.
SWM Recommended Standard 2.0 Extended SWMTE4 SWM Total errors 4 boxes: The number of times a box is selected that is certain not to contain a token and therefore should not have been visited by the subject, i.e. between errors + within errors - double errors. Calculated across all trials with 4 tokens only.
SWM Recommended Standard 2.0 Extended SWMTE468 SWM Total Errors: The total number of times a box is selected that is certain not to contain a token and therefore should not have been visited by the subject, i.e. between errors + within errors - double errors. Calculated across all assessed four, six and eight token trials.
SWM Recommended Standard 2.0 Extended SWMTE6 SWM Total errors 6 boxes: The number of times a box is selected that is certain not to contain a token and therefore should not have been visited by the subject, i.e. between errors + within errors - double errors. Calculated across all trials with 6 tokens only.
SWM Recommended Standard 2.0 Extended SWMTE8 SWM Total errors 8 boxes: The number of times a box is selected that is certain not to contain a token and therefore should not have been visited by the subject, i.e. between errors + within errors - double errors. Calculated across all trials with 8 tokens only.
SWM Recommended Standard 2.0 Extended SWMWE12 SWM Within errors 12 boxes: The number of times a subject revisits a box already found to be empty during the same search. Calculated across all trials with 12 tokens only.
SWM Recommended Standard 2.0 Extended SWMWE4 SWM Within errors 4 boxes: The number of times a subject revisits a box already found to be empty during the same search. Calculated across all trials with 4 tokens only.
SWM Recommended Standard 2.0 Extended SWMWE468 SWM Within Errors: The number of times a subject revisits a box already shown to be empty during the same search. Calculated across all assessed four, six and eight token trials.
SWM Recommended Standard 2.0 Extended SWMWE6 SWM Within errors 6 boxes: The number of times a subject revisits a box already found to be empty during the same search. Calculated across all trials with 6 tokens only.
SWM Recommended Standard 2.0 Extended SWMWE8 SWM Within errors 8 boxes: The number of times a subject revisits a box already found to be empty during the same search. Calculated across all trials with 8 tokens only.